Deer

Large browsing mammal; damage shows as ragged, torn stems (deer lack upper incisors) rather than the clean cuts left by rodents, plus hoof prints and droppings nearby.

N/A — active year-round, with browsing pressure often heaviest in winter when other food is scarce.

Browse buds, leaves, and shoots, often stripping young trees and shrubs overnight; can also rub antlers, damaging bark and stems.

Install fencing at least 2m high. Use taste or scent repellents, reapplying after rain. Protect individual young trees with guards.

Choose deer-resistant plants where pressure is high and fence vulnerable beds before damage starts.