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Canker

A term for dead, sunken areas in bark or stems caused by fungal or bacterial infection. Cankers girdle stems and can kill branches or whole plants.

Symptoms

  • check_circleSunken, discoloured, dead patches on bark or stems
  • check_circleCracks or lesions with orange or pink fungal bodies
  • check_circleDieback above the canker point
  • check_circleGumming or oozing from the affected area

Causes

  • arrow_rightFungal pathogens (e.g. Nectria, Phytophthora) entering through wounds
  • arrow_rightBacterial canker (Pseudomonas) in stone fruits
  • arrow_rightPruning wounds left unprotected
  • arrow_rightFrost damage creating entry points
  • arrow_rightWaterlogged soil weakening root systems

How to Diagnose

Cut into the canker — dead, brown tissue beneath the bark confirms it. Healthy tissue beyond the canker is white or green. Check whether canker follows a pruning wound or frost event.

Treatment

Prune affected wood back to healthy tissue, cutting at least 10cm beyond visible discolouration. Sterilise tools between cuts. Apply wound paint to large cuts. For bacterial canker, apply a copper fungicide in autumn.

Prevention

Prune in dry weather to reduce infection risk. Sterilise pruning tools. Apply wound sealant to large pruning cuts. Avoid planting in waterlogged sites. Choose canker-resistant varieties where available.